Passage 1

There are many countries in this world where people speak more than one language. Most of the Asian and African countries are multilingual. All the languages spoken in a country are part and parcel of its culture. However, one of these languages is used for the purpose of co ordination at the national level. The national language brings the people of different areas close together and insurance them national unity. Urdu is the national language of Pakistan. Which is spoken and understood in all parts of the country.

دنیا میں بہت سے ممالک ہیں جہاں لوگ ایک سے زیادہ زبان میں بولتے ہیں۔ایشیائی اور افریقی ممالک زیادہ تر کثیر اللسان ہیں۔ تمام زبانیں جو ایک ملک میں بولی جاتی ہیں اس کی ثقافت کا حصہ ہوتی ہیں۔حتی کہ ان میں سے ایک زبان قومی سطح پر باہمی رابطے کے لیے بولی جاتی ہے۔ قومی زبان مختلف علاقوں کے لوگوں کو قریب لاتی ہے اور انہیں قومی یکجہتی کی یقین دہانی کراتی ہے۔پاکستان کی قومی زبان اردو ہے۔یہ ملک کے تمام حصوں میں بولی اور سمجھی جاتی ہے ۔

Abandoned

Abandoned
SYN. Profligate, wicked,
vicious, unprincipled, reprobate,
incorrigible, sinful, graceless, demoralized,
dissolute, depraved, bad, licentious,
corrupt.

ANT. Virtuous, conacientious, correct,
upright, worthy, righteous, selfcontrolled,
high-principled, steady,
good.

Abandon

Abandon. 

SYN. Leave, forsake, desert,
renounce, cease, relinquish, discontinue,
cast off, resign, retire, quit,
forego, forswear, depart from, vacate,
surrender, abjure, repudiate.

ANT. Pursue, prosecute, undertake,
seek, court, cherish, favor, protect,
claim, maintain, defend, advocate, retain,
support, uphold, occupy, haunt,
hold, assert, vindicate, keep.

It's a Man's World

Find the meaning of bold worlds
How paradoxical that the world's greatest chefs have all been men! Cooking would clearly seem to be a field that lies exclusively within women's realm, yet the annals of cookery are replete with masculine names: Brillat Savarin, Ritz, Diat, Larousse. To compound the puzzle, there has rarely been a tinge of rumor or scandal casting doubts on the masculinity of these heroes of cuisine.

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Good Things Come in Small Packages:

Good Things Come in Small Packages:

The Rules of Abbreviations
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Abbreviations start with a capital
letter and end with a period. They are a handy way to save time and space when you’re writing,
but only if you use commonly accepted abbreviations. Otherwise, you’ll just confuse your
readers. Here is how to use abbreviations correctly.

1. Abbreviate social titles and titles of rank, both before and after a person’s name.
Mr. Mrs. Ms. Dr.

Note:
Miss is a title that comes before a person’s name, but since it isn’t an abbreviation, it doesn’t have a period at the end. A usage note: Many women now prefer the title “Ms.,” but some still prefer “Miss.” When in doubt, ask the woman what title she prefers.

Degree Abbreviation

3. Abbreviate time.

A.M. (before noon; ante meridian)

P.M. (afternoon; post meridian)

4. Abbreviate some historical periods. In most—but not all—cases, the abbreviation is

placed after the date.

Ancient times (2,000 years in the past) 

B.C. (before the birth of Christ)

B.C.E. (before the common era)

Modern times (within the last 2,000 years)

C.E. (common era)

A.D. (Anno Domini, “in the year of the Lord,” an abbreviation that comes before the

date)

Here’s how these abbreviations are used:

Emperor Augustus lived from 63 B.C. (or B.C.E.) to A.D. 14 (or C.E.).

5. Abbreviate geographical terms.

Dr.Sammi lives on Woodlawn

The following chart lists the most common abbreviations for geographical terms.

Place Abbreviation 

6. Abbreviate names of states.

Use the official U.S. Post Office zip code abbreviations, which are not followed by periods.

There’s a list of all 50 abbreviations in your telephone book.

FL (Florida) PA (Pennsylvania)

7. Abbreviate some Latin expressions.

e.g. (for example) et al. (and others)

8. Abbreviate measurements.

inches is abbreviated in. feet is abbreviated ft.Here are some of the most common abbreviations for measurements. Note that metric abbreviations
are not followed by a period.




9. Abbreviate the titles of some organizations and things.

These abbreviations are not followed by a period.

UN (United Nations)

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)

TV (television)

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Used to, Do, and Does

Used to
• It is used to say that something happened continuously or frequently during a period in the past:-
(1) I used to live in London.
(2) We used to go sailing on the lake in summer.
(3) I didn't use to like him much when we were at school.
(4) You used to see a lot of her.
(5) I used to drink a lot of milk when I was young.

Do, Does
• They are used in the Simple Present Tense or Present Indefinite in affirmative sentences, negative sentences, interrogative sentences and negative-interrogative sentences:-

(1) I do go to school daily.
(2) She does swim in the evening.
(3) They do not obey their elders.
(4) You do not tell a lie.
(5) Do you speak the truth?
(6) Don't you play cricket?

Note that in affirmative sentences 'Do and Does' are used to give emphasis to the main verbs.

I go to school daily.
I do go to school daily.

There is a world of difference between the above two sentences. The first sentence is a general statement where as the second sentence asserts certainty without fail.

Do, Does

Did
• It is used in the Simple Past Tense or Past Indefinite in affirmative sentences, negative sentences, interrogative sentences and negative-interrogative sentences:-

(1) Did the teacher teach English yesterday?
(2) Did I not watch a movie yesterday?
(3) Did you not go to school yesterday?
(4) She did play on the flute yesterday evening.
(5) I did meet her in the street.
(6) He did not make a noise.
(7) They did not play well.

Note that in affirmative sentences 'did' is used to give emphasis to the main verb:

I watched a movie yesterday night.
I did watch a movie yesterday night.

The first sentence is a general statement while the second statement asserts certainty without fail.
'Do, Does and Did' are not modal verbs; they are only auxiliary or helping verbs.

Did you know

Use of Dare and Need

Dare
• It is used to mean have sufficient courage or imprudence to do something:-

(1) He dare not stand up in public.
(2) I dare not ask him a question.
(3) How dare she say such nasty things about me?
(4) How dare you touch my book?
(5) She dare not cross this river.

• It is used to indicate supposition. But it is used with 'say':-
(1) I dare say we shall be late for office.
(2) I dare say they will be in trouble.
(3) I dare say he will help me later.
(4) I dare say you are a foolish person.
(5) I dare say he is not a foreigner.
Note that 'dare say' is used in this way with the first person singular only.

Need
• It is used to indicate an obligation:
(1) Need I go now?
(2) You need not complete that work today.
(3) You need not go there to see her.
(4) You need not worry about that.
(5) You need not stay here any longer.

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Use of Ought to and Must

Ought to
• It is used to indicate moral obligation or duty:-
(1) A soldier ought to serve his motherland.
(2) We ought to serve our ailing parents.
(3) We ought to obey traffic rules.
(4) You ought to be punctual.
(5) She ought to do this work.

Note that both 'ought to' and 'should' can be used interchangeably. The former expresses moral obligation whereas the latter expresses obligation.

Must
• It is used to indicate necessity or compulsion:-
(1) You must run fast to catch the bus.
(2) You must reach school in time.
(3) You must see the doctor at once.
(4) You must hurry, or you will miss the train.
(5) You must burn midnight oil if you want to secure good marks.
(6) We must fight for liberty.
(7) You must seek forgiveness of your teacher.
(8) She must carry out my orders.
(9) You must clear the dues by the 10th of July.
(10) A servant must obey his master.

• It is used to indicate inevitability:-
(1) All living things must eat to survive.
(2) All living things must grow.
(3) Everybody must die one day.
(4) All living things must breathe.
(5) What can't be cured, must be endured.

Use of May and Might

May
• It is used to indicate possibility:-
(1) It may rain tonight.
(2) It may hail today.
(3) It may snow today.
(4) I may come to see you in the evening.
(5) It may sleet tomorrow.

• It is used to indicate permission:-
(1) May I borrow your bicycle for a day?
(2) May I go to the toilet, sir?
(3) May I go home now?
(4) May I wait for him?
(5) May I come in, madam?

• It is used to indicate a purpose:-
(1) We eat so that we may live.
(2) We earn so that we may spend.
(3) He works hard so that he may get through.
(4) He runs fast so that he may catch the bus.
(5) He speaks aloud so that he may be heard by the audience.

Note that conjunction 'so that' is always followed by may + Ist form of verb in the present tense. Never use 'can' or any other modal verb.

• It is used to indicate a hope or wish:-
(1) May God grant you speedy recovery!
(2) May God bless you!
(3) May you scale great heights in life!
(4) May God grant you all the riches of the world!
(5) May you top the list of successful candidates!

Note that the sentences expressing wish or prayer also start with 'may'. But each of these sentences ends with a mark of exclamation (!).

Might
• It is used to indicate a purpose in the past tense:-
(1) He worked hard so that he might pass the examination.
(2) He ran fast so that he might catch the bus.
(3) He spoke aloud so that he might be heard by the audience.
(4) He earned so that he might spend.
(5) He flattered his boss so that he might be promoted.

Note that conjunction 'so that'
is always followed by might + Ist form of verb in the past tense. Never used 'could' or any other model verb.

• It is used to indicate a lesser possibility:-
(1) It might sleet in the evening.
(2) It might snow tonight.
(3) It might rain today.
(4) It might hail in the afternoon.
(5) It might blow heavily tomorrow.

• It is used as the past tense of 'may':-
(1) The teacher told the students that he might not come next day.
(2) He said that he might come next day.
(3) He told me that he might meet me on Tuesday.
(4) He threatened me that he might reveal the secret to the police.
(5) He informed me that he might give me some money next day.

• It is used to ask permission politely:-
(1) Might I use your mobile phone?
(2) Might I use you pen?
(3) Might I sit down?
(4) Might I know who you are?
(5) Might I go home now?

Use of Shall and Should

Shall
• It is used with the first person in future tense:-
(1) We shall go to a grand party in the evening.
(2) I shall give you a few tips on cooking.
(3) I shall go to America by plane tomorrow.
(4) I shall invite all my friends to tea.
(5) We shall go to the club tomorrow.

• It is used with the second and third persons to indicate promise, threat, command, determination, certainty, etc.:-
(1) Children, you shall have a holiday tomorrow.
(2) Our soldiers shall fight to the last.
(3) You shall speak the truth.
(4) You shall be fired if you don't behave properly.
(5) I shall be leaving as soon as I am called.

Should
It is used to indicate obligation or duty:-
(1) We should obey traffic rules.
(2) You should serve your ailing parents.
(3) He should observe discipline in the classroom.
(4) One should keep one's promise.
(5) We should always speak the truth.

• It is used in indirect speech as the past form of 'shall':-
(1) The teacher advised the students that they should brush their teeth twice a day.
(2) The captain instructed the soldiers that they should fight to the finish.
(3) Mother advised her son that he should always speak the truth.
(4) My father told me that I should never tell a lie.
(5) My parents told me that we should pray to the Almighty daily without fail.

• It is used to indicate a condition in the present tense:-
(1) Should you lose your way, ask somebody.
(2) Should you go out, post this letter.
(3) Should you miss the bus, go by train.
(4) Should you reach there safely, inform me.
(5) Should you play well, you are sure to win.

Note that 'should' is equivalent to 'if'.

• It is used after conjunction 'lest':-
(1) Work hard lest you should fail.
(2) Work carefully lest you should stumble down.
(3) The pickpocket ran away lest he should be caught redhanded by the policeman.
(4) Speak softly lest you should be heard.
(5) Speak softly lest you should be heard by others.

Note that 'lest' is always followed by 'should' irrespective of the tense. In other words, whatever is the tense—present or past or future—'lest' is always followed by 'should'.

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