Cases indicate the grammatical functions of nouns and pronouns according to their relation with rest of the words in a sentence.

In modern English, there are only three kinds of cases.

• Subjective Case
• Objective Case
• Possessive Case

Subjective Case (Nominative Case)

When a noun or a pronoun works as a subject in the sentence, a subjective case appears.

Example:

• Louis works in the management.
• He works very hard for the company.
• I love to watch movies in my free time.
• Reading is a very good habit.

Objective Case

When a noun or a pronoun works as an object in the sentence, an objective case appears.

Example:

• Robert does not eat burgers.
• He loves pizza.
• Robert told me that.
• Alex follows Robert.

Possessive Case

Possessive cases indicate a relationship of possession or belongingness between two nouns or a noun and a pronoun.

Example:

• Robin’s house is near the river. (Two nouns related in the basis of possession.)
• His brother lives in the city. (A pronoun and a noun)
• My family does not approve this.
• Shaun’s wife has passed away.

Note: The pronoun changes its form in different cases.

Subjective	Objective	Possessive
I We You He She They It Who	Me Us You Him Her Them It Whom	My, mine Our, ours Your, yours His Her, hers Their, theirs Its Whose

There is another kind of case. It is called the vocative case. This case is similar to the subjective case in term of spelling. The vocative case indicates a person being addressed directly by his/her name. This name is separated by a comma.

Example:

• Robert, could you please open the door?
• You, watch out the bus.
• Listen to me, Russel.
• How are you, Susan?

Mood

The mood in English grammar does not refer to the emotion of the action or anything like that. Instead, the mood of the verbs refers to whether or not something is a fact. The intention of the speaker/writer is understood by the mood of the verbs.

In English, there are mainly three kinds of mood:

• Indicative mood
• Imperative mood
• Subjunctive mood

Each of the types has a particular function.

Indicative Mood

Indicative mood tells the reader/listener something factual. This mood is generally used in making a statement or asking for a statement by a question. The statement can be factual or presumed to be factual.

Example:

• Michel was the greatest musician.
• Where are you going?
• I am going to Texas.

Imperative Mood

Imperative mood makes a verb into a command or request. It always uses the second person as the subject of the sentence and most of the time the subject remains hidden.

Example:

• Bring the bottle over here.
• Make me a cup of tea, please.
• Let her take her own decisions. (Here, ‘let’ is the verb of this sentence, not ‘take’.)

Subjunctive Mood

Subjunctive mood indicates the possibility, wishes, or hypothetical statements. It is almost the opposite of the indicative mood. This mood usually mixes the tense of the verbs and does not follow the common usage of the tense.

Subjunctive has some different structures from the other structures of sentences.

Conditionals generally use the subjunctive mood.

Example:

• If you change this dress, I will take you with me.
• If I were in your shoes, I would not do it.
• If they were in America, they could not escape from it.
• If they had taken the vaccine, they would not have been affected.

Some certain verbs + the conjunction that requires the next clause to use the subjunctive mood and the clause uses the base form of the verb in it.

The verbs are:  

Advise – demand – prefer – require – ask – insist Propose – stipulate – command – recommend  Suggest – decree – order – request – urge – move

Structure:

Subject + the verbs of the above box (any tense) + THAT + subject + base verb + .  .  .  .  .

Example:

• He insisted that I stay at home.
• The office requires that we complete our work timely.
• She commanded that he stop drinking alcohol.
• I recommend that you wake up early.

Note: There are some clauses also which require the verb of the next clause to be in base form.

The clauses are:

It is/was + past participle form of the verb of the above box + THAT It is/was urgent + THAT It is/was necessary + THAT It is/was important + THAT

Example:

• It is important that you invite him to the party.
• It was necessary that I make a fence.
• It was recommended that you meet the principal.

 

Word Definition

In traditional grammar, word is the basic unit of language. Words can be classified according to their action and meaning, but it is challenging to define. 

A word refers to a speech sound, or a mixture of two or more speech sounds in both written and verbal form of language. A word works as a symbol to represent/refer to something/someone in language to communicate a specific meaning.

Example : ‘love’, ‘cricket’, ‘sky’ etc.

'[A word is the] smallest unit of grammar that can stand alone as a complete utterance, separated by spaces in written language and potentially by pauses in speech.' (David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2003)

Morphology, a branch of linguistics, studies the formation of words. The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words is called lexical semantics.

There are several criteria for a speech sound, or a combination of some speech sounds to be called a word.

• There must be a potential pause in speech and a space in written form between two words.
  For instance, suppose ‘ball’ and ‘bat’ are two different words. So, if we use them in a sentence, we must have a potential pause after pronouncing each of them. It cannot be like “Idonotplaywithbatball.” If we take pause, these sounds can be regarded as seven distinct words which are ‘I,' ‘do,' ‘not,' ‘play,' ‘with,' ‘bat,' and ‘ball.'
• Every word must contain at least one root. If you break this root, it cannot be a word anymore.
  For example, the word ‘unfaithful’ has a root ‘faith.' If we break ‘faith’ into ‘fa’ and ‘ith,' these sounds will not be regarded as words.
• Every word must have a meaning.
  For example, the sound ‘lakkanah’ has no meaning in the English language. So, it cannot be an English word.       

COLORFUL IDIOMS & PHRASES

1. Out of the blue– randomly, without warning, surprisingly

Example: “That storm came out of the blue and I didn’t have an umbrella!”

2. Green with envy– to be very jealous, envious

Example: “Katie was green with envy when she saw you got a new car for your birthday.”

3. Gray area– something that is unclear, undefined

Example: The issue of allowing mobile phones in the classroom is a gray area right now- it could go either way.

4. Caught red-handed– to catch someone in the act of doing something

Example: “He was caught red-handed while stealing those candy bars.”

5. Green thumb– to be skilled at gardening

Example: “My mother has a green thumb- she can make anything grow!”

6. Black sheep– to be the outcast, odd one out, unlike the others

Example: “Rachel is the black sheep in the family because she is an artist whereas everyone else is an economist.”

7. Once in a blue moon– very rarely

Example: “Once in a blue moon you will see that mean professor smile.”

8. Take the red eye– a late night flight that arrives early in the morning

Example: “I took the red eye from California to New York last night and now I am exhausted.”

9. Tickled pink– to be extremely pleased

Example: “Your grandma was tickled pink that you called on her birthday!”

10. White lie– a small lie that is told to be polite or avoid hurting someone’s feelings

Example: “I didn’t like her dress, but I told a white lie because I didn’t want to offend her.

Indirect speech for exclamatory and imperative sentences.

Indirect speech of imperative sentence.

A sentence which expresses command, request, advice or suggestion is called imperative sentence.

For example,

     •  Open the door.

     •  Please help me.

     •  Learn your lesson.

To change such sentences into indirect speech, the word “ordered” or “requested” or “advised” or “suggested” or “forbade” or “not to do” is added to reporting verb depending upon nature of imperative sentence in reported speech.

Examples.

           Direct speech: He said to me, “please help me”

           Indirect Speech: He requested me to help him.

           Direct speech: She said to him, “you should work hard for exam”

           Indirect Speech: He suggested him to work hard for exam.

           Direct speech: They said to him, “do not tell a lie”

           Indirect Speech: They said to him not to tell a lie.

           Direct speech: He said, “open the door”

           Indirect Speech: He ordered to open the door.

           Direct speech: The teacher said to student, “do not waste time”

           Indirect Speech: The teacher advised the students not to waste time.

           Direct speech: He said, “please give me glass of water”

           Indirect Speech: He requested to give him a glass of water.

           Direct speech: Doctor said to me, “Do not smoke”

           Indirect Speech: Doctor advised me not to smoke.

           Direct speech: The teacher said to him, “Get out”

           Indirect Speech: The teacher ordered him to get out.

 

Indirect speech of exclamatory sentences.

Sentence which expresses state of joy or sorrow or wonder is called exclamatory sentence.

For example.

             •  Hurrah! We won the match.

             •  Alas! I failed the test.

             •  Wow! What a nice shirt it is.

To change such sentences, the words “exclaimed with joy” or “exclaimed with sorrow” or “exclaimed with wonder” is added in the reporting verb depending upon the nature of exclamatory sentence in indirect speech.

Examples.

     Direct speech: He said, “Hurrah! I won a prize”

     Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with joy that he had won a prize.

     Direct speech: She said, “Alas! I failed in exam”

     Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with sorrow that she failed in the exam.

     Direct speech: John said, “Wow! What a nice shirt it is”

     Indirect Speech: John exclaimed with wonder that it was a nice shirt.

     Direct speech: She said, “Hurrah! I am selected for the job”

     Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with joy that she was selected for the job.

     Direct speech: He said, “Oh no! I missed the train”

     Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with sorrow that he had missed the train.

     Direct speech: They said, “Wow! What a pleasant weather it is”

     Indirect Speech:  They exclaimed with wonder that it was a pleasant weather.

A Plural Subject Must Have a Plural Verb

Click on the image to read clearly.

The apostrophe [ ' ]

The apostrophe is an important punctuation mark in the English language which is often used incorrectly.

Here are some common incorrect usages of the apostrophe:

Your’s shoes are red.
I went to their’s house
The book’s are on the table.
The flower’s are in the vase.

Contents

Apostrophe Rules Used to show possession Used to show contractions of words.

APOSTROPHE RULES

The apostrophe has two main distinct uses in English.

Used to show possession

The general rule is that the possessive of a singular noun is formed by adding an apostrophe and “s”, whether the singular noun ends in “s” or not. Let’s take some apostrophe examples:

Bat owned by Tom – Tom’s bat
Doll owned by Sarah – Sarah’s doll
The children’s room
The men’s work
The babies’ crying
A doctor’s patient

Used to show contractions of words

A contraction is a shortened version of the written and spoken forms of a word, syllable, or word group, created by omission of internal letters and sounds. You can use contractions to shorten a word by removing one letter or more and substituting an apostrophe in the same spot. Let’s take some apostrophe examples to make it more clearly:

are not = aren’t
can not = can’t
could not = couldn’t
do not = don’t
does not = doesn’t
did not =  didn’t
he will = he’ll
he would = he’d
he is = he’s
is not = isn’t
it is = it’s
I am = I’m
I will = I’ll
I would = I’d
I have = I’ve
She will = She’ll
She is = She’s…

Example sentences:

It is so hot today – It’s so hot today.
I have not done my homework – I haven’t done my homework.
They are not here yet. – They’re not here yet. 
He said he would see his brother tomorrow. – He said he’d see his brother tomorrow.
There will be trouble when she finds out. – There’ll be trouble when she finds out.
I can not get the cork out of the bottle – can you try? – I can’t get the cork out of the bottle – can you try?

Phrase

Definition
A phrase is a group of words without a predicate, functioning like an adjective, adverb, or a noun. We can also say that a phrase is a group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense.

For example

⚫In the rain
⚫Smiling face
⚫Of great beauty

There are several kind different kinds of phrases.

1 Noun phrase
2 Adjective phrase
3 Adverb phrase
4 Prepositional phrase
5 Participle phrase
6 Gerund phrase

1. Noun phrases
The group of words which does the work of a noun or pronoun is called a noun phrase.

For example

John went to visit his grandma.
I like to sit in the sun.

2. Adjective phrases
The group of words which does the work of an adjective is an adjective phrase.

For example

The people of Pakistan are hardworking.
I saw a man in a white dress.

3.Adverb phrases
A group of words that modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb is an adverb phrase.

For example

People stood in the hall.
John played in happiness.

4. Prepositional phrases
a propositional phrase is made up of a proposition and a noun or pronoun or a noun phrase.

For example

Sacha sings in a melodious tone.
The building of our college is quite large.

5. Participle phrase
A Participle and its accompanying word make up a participle phrase.

For example
Sitting in the office, he reread the book.
Feeling fear, he could not take the risk.

6. Gerund phrase
Gerund phrase consists of a gerund accompanied by an adjective, an adverb, a direct object, aur a prepositional phrase.

For example
Wearing tight shoes hurts.
She likes running on the ice.

Use of Lest -- Should

The conjunction lest is not very common in modern English. This word has a negative meaning. Therefore, it should not be used with not. The only auxiliary verb that can follow lest is should.

Examples:

Go there lest day should become angry with you.

Shut the door lest the cat should come in.

Don't tell a lie lest your mother should beat you.

Keep your promise lest the people should consider you a liar.

Don't abuse him lest his brothers should give you a sound threshing.

Go away lest they should shoot you.

Hurry up lest we should miss our paper.

Go to office in time lest you should be fired.

Don't tease that girl lest she should complain against you to the principal.

A Singular Subject Must Have a Singular Verb

Now that you can recognize singular and plural nouns, pronouns, and verbs, you will be able

to make all sentence parts agree in number. Remember the rule introduced in the beginning

of this chapter: A subject must agree with its verb in number.

All the other rules follow from this one. The easiest rules are these two:

·           A singular subject must have a singular verb.

·          A plural subject must have a plural verb.

Let’s examine the first rule.

5. A singular subject must have a singular verb.

She                       hesitates at all intersections, making the other drivers angry.

sing. subject      sing. verb

The singular subject she agrees with the singular verb hesitates.

Procrastination is the art of keeping up with yesterday.

sing. subject      sing. verb

The singular subject procrastination agrees with the singular verb is.

I am                      ready for dinner now.

sing. subject      sing. verb

The singular subject I requires the singular verb am.

6.Two or more singular subjects joined by or or nor must have a singular verb.

This makes perfect sense: You are making a choice between two singular subjects. The or

shows that you are only choosing one.

Either the             dog         or the cat                has to go.

sing. subject.        or sing. Subject    sing. verb

Only one pet will go—the dog or the cat. Therefore, you will only have one pet left. Two

singular subjects—dog and cat—joined by or take the singular verb has.

Neither Elvis Costello nor Elvis Presley is in the room.

sing. subject             nor sing. subject sing. verb

Each subject is being treated individually. Therefore, two singular subjects—Elvis

Costello and Elvis Presley—joined by nor take the singular verb is.

7.Subjects that are singular in meaning but plural in form require a singular verb.

These subjects include words such as measles, civics, social studies, mumps, molasses,

news, economics, and mathematics.

The news             is on very night at 11:00 P.M.

sing. subject      sing. verb

The singular subject news takes the singular verb is.

8.Plural subjects that function as a single unit take a singular verb.

Spaghetti and meatballs is my favorite dish.

sing. subject                      sing. verb

The singular subject spaghetti and meatballs requires the singular verb is.

Bacon and eggs makes a great late night snack.

sing. subject      sing. verb

The singular subject bacon and eggs agrees with the singular verb makes.

9. Titles are always singular.

It doesn’t matter how long the title is, what it names, or whether or not it sounds plural—

a title always takes a singular verb.

For Whom the Bell Tolls is a story about the Spanish Civil War.

sing. subject                      sing. verb

The singular title For Whom the Bell Tolls requires the singular verb is.

Stranger in a Strange Land was written by Robert Heinlein.

sing. subject                      sing. verb

The singular title Stranger in a Strange Land requires the singular verb was.

Most measurements are singular—even though they look plural. For example: “Half a dollar

is more than enough” (not “are more than enough”).

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Like Peas in a Pod

Romeo and Juliet

Spaghetti and meatballs

Peanut butter and jelly

The birds and the bees

Some things just seem to go together well. We carry this concept over into grammar by

matching all sentence parts. This matching of sentence elements is called agreement. It helps

you create smooth and logical sentences.

The basic rule of sentence agreement is simple: A subject must agree with its verb in number.

Number means singular or plural.

_ A singular subject names one person, place, thing, or idea.

_ A plural subject names more than one person, place, thing, or idea.

Here are some examples:

	Singular	Plural
	Subjects	Subjects
Person:	I	they
Place:	beach	beaches
Thing:	desk	desks
Idea:	freedom	freedoms

1.Singular and plural nouns

In English, the plurals of most nouns are formed by adding -s or -es to the singular form.

For example: bike → bikes; race → races; inch → inches. Some nouns have irregular plurals,

such as mouse → mice; woman → women, goose → geese. You can find the plural

forms of irregular nouns in a dictionary.

2. Singular and plural pronouns

Pronouns have singular and plural forms, too. Study the following chart.

Singular : I , she, he, it 

Plural :  we, they

Singular or Plural : you

3. Singular and plural verbs

As with nouns and pronouns, verbs show singular and plural forms. There are two areas

in which you may have difficulty identifying singular and plural forms of nouns: the basic

present tense and tenses using the helping verb to be.

As you study the following chart, notice that the form of the verb changes only in the

third-person singular column, the middle column. Find the -s or -es added to the verb.

That’s the tricky part:

_ Singular verbs end in -s or -es.

_ Plural nouns end in -s or -es.

Here are some examples:

First and second person	Singular Third Person	Plural First, Second, Third Person
(I, you) begin	(he, she, it) begins	(we,you, they) begin
(I, you)do	(he, she, it) does	(we,you, they) do

As you can see from this chart, subject-verb agreement is most difficult to determine in the

present tense.

4. Singular and plural forms of be

The form of the helping verb be may also help you determine whether a verb is singular or

plural. The following chart shows the forms of be that are different from singular to plural.

Double Negative

Using two negative words in the same clause (group of words) creates a double negative. 
A double negative is an incorrect usage and should be avoided. To avoid this grammatical error,

use only one negative word to express a negative idea.

Double negative: The traveler did not have no energy after the long flight.

Correct: The traveler did not have any energy after the long flight.

or

The traveler had no energy left after the long flight.

Double negative: Shakira could not hardly see in the blizzard.

Correct: Shakira could hardly see in the blizzard.

or

Shakira could barely see in the blizzard.

Double negatives are especially likely to cause problems when contractions are used.

When the word not is used in a contraction—such as isn’t, doesn’t, wouldn’t, couldn’t, don’t—the negative tends to slip by. As a result, writers and speakers may add another negative.

Double negative: Billy didn’t bring nothing with him on vacation.

Correct: Billy didn’t bring anything with him on vacation.

or

Billy brought hardly anything with him on vacation.

However, to create understatement, you can use a word with a negative prefix and another

negative word. The two most common negative prefixes are un- and -in.

Nowadays, it is not uncommon to take six years to complete a four-year college degree.

The report is not inaccurate, but no one should stake their reputation on it.

Good Things Come in Small Packages:

Good Things Come in Small Packages:

The Rules of Abbreviations
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Abbreviations start with a capital
letter and end with a period. They are a handy way to save time and space when you’re writing,
but only if you use commonly accepted abbreviations. Otherwise, you’ll just confuse your
readers. Here is how to use abbreviations correctly.

1. Abbreviate social titles and titles of rank, both before and after a person’s name.
Mr. Mrs. Ms. Dr.

Note:
Miss is a title that comes before a person’s name, but since it isn’t an abbreviation, it doesn’t have a period at the end. A usage note: Many women now prefer the title “Ms.,” but some still prefer “Miss.” When in doubt, ask the woman what title she prefers.

Degree Abbreviation

3. Abbreviate time.

A.M. (before noon; ante meridian)

P.M. (afternoon; post meridian)

4. Abbreviate some historical periods. In most—but not all—cases, the abbreviation is

placed after the date.

Ancient times (2,000 years in the past) 

B.C. (before the birth of Christ)

B.C.E. (before the common era)

Modern times (within the last 2,000 years)

C.E. (common era)

A.D. (Anno Domini, “in the year of the Lord,” an abbreviation that comes before the

date)

Here’s how these abbreviations are used:

Emperor Augustus lived from 63 B.C. (or B.C.E.) to A.D. 14 (or C.E.).

5. Abbreviate geographical terms.

Dr.Sammi lives on Woodlawn

The following chart lists the most common abbreviations for geographical terms.

Place Abbreviation 

6. Abbreviate names of states.

Use the official U.S. Post Office zip code abbreviations, which are not followed by periods.

There’s a list of all 50 abbreviations in your telephone book.

FL (Florida) PA (Pennsylvania)

7. Abbreviate some Latin expressions.

e.g. (for example) et al. (and others)

8. Abbreviate measurements.

inches is abbreviated in. feet is abbreviated ft.Here are some of the most common abbreviations for measurements. Note that metric abbreviations
are not followed by a period.




9. Abbreviate the titles of some organizations and things.

These abbreviations are not followed by a period.

UN (United Nations)

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)

TV (television)

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Used to, Do, and Does

Used to
• It is used to say that something happened continuously or frequently during a period in the past:-
(1) I used to live in London.
(2) We used to go sailing on the lake in summer.
(3) I didn't use to like him much when we were at school.
(4) You used to see a lot of her.
(5) I used to drink a lot of milk when I was young.

Do, Does
• They are used in the Simple Present Tense or Present Indefinite in affirmative sentences, negative sentences, interrogative sentences and negative-interrogative sentences:-

(1) I do go to school daily.
(2) She does swim in the evening.
(3) They do not obey their elders.
(4) You do not tell a lie.
(5) Do you speak the truth?
(6) Don't you play cricket?

Note that in affirmative sentences 'Do and Does' are used to give emphasis to the main verbs.

I go to school daily.
I do go to school daily.

There is a world of difference between the above two sentences. The first sentence is a general statement where as the second sentence asserts certainty without fail.

Do, Does

Did
• It is used in the Simple Past Tense or Past Indefinite in affirmative sentences, negative sentences, interrogative sentences and negative-interrogative sentences:-

(1) Did the teacher teach English yesterday?
(2) Did I not watch a movie yesterday?
(3) Did you not go to school yesterday?
(4) She did play on the flute yesterday evening.
(5) I did meet her in the street.
(6) He did not make a noise.
(7) They did not play well.

Note that in affirmative sentences 'did' is used to give emphasis to the main verb:

I watched a movie yesterday night.
I did watch a movie yesterday night.

The first sentence is a general statement while the second statement asserts certainty without fail.
'Do, Does and Did' are not modal verbs; they are only auxiliary or helping verbs.

Did you know

Use of Dare and Need

Dare
• It is used to mean have sufficient courage or imprudence to do something:-

(1) He dare not stand up in public.
(2) I dare not ask him a question.
(3) How dare she say such nasty things about me?
(4) How dare you touch my book?
(5) She dare not cross this river.

• It is used to indicate supposition. But it is used with 'say':-
(1) I dare say we shall be late for office.
(2) I dare say they will be in trouble.
(3) I dare say he will help me later.
(4) I dare say you are a foolish person.
(5) I dare say he is not a foreigner.
Note that 'dare say' is used in this way with the first person singular only.

Need
• It is used to indicate an obligation:
(1) Need I go now?
(2) You need not complete that work today.
(3) You need not go there to see her.
(4) You need not worry about that.
(5) You need not stay here any longer.

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Use of Ought to and Must

Ought to
• It is used to indicate moral obligation or duty:-
(1) A soldier ought to serve his motherland.
(2) We ought to serve our ailing parents.
(3) We ought to obey traffic rules.
(4) You ought to be punctual.
(5) She ought to do this work.

Note that both 'ought to' and 'should' can be used interchangeably. The former expresses moral obligation whereas the latter expresses obligation.

Must
• It is used to indicate necessity or compulsion:-
(1) You must run fast to catch the bus.
(2) You must reach school in time.
(3) You must see the doctor at once.
(4) You must hurry, or you will miss the train.
(5) You must burn midnight oil if you want to secure good marks.
(6) We must fight for liberty.
(7) You must seek forgiveness of your teacher.
(8) She must carry out my orders.
(9) You must clear the dues by the 10th of July.
(10) A servant must obey his master.

• It is used to indicate inevitability:-
(1) All living things must eat to survive.
(2) All living things must grow.
(3) Everybody must die one day.
(4) All living things must breathe.
(5) What can't be cured, must be endured.

Use of May and Might

May
• It is used to indicate possibility:-
(1) It may rain tonight.
(2) It may hail today.
(3) It may snow today.
(4) I may come to see you in the evening.
(5) It may sleet tomorrow.

• It is used to indicate permission:-
(1) May I borrow your bicycle for a day?
(2) May I go to the toilet, sir?
(3) May I go home now?
(4) May I wait for him?
(5) May I come in, madam?

• It is used to indicate a purpose:-
(1) We eat so that we may live.
(2) We earn so that we may spend.
(3) He works hard so that he may get through.
(4) He runs fast so that he may catch the bus.
(5) He speaks aloud so that he may be heard by the audience.

Note that conjunction 'so that' is always followed by may + Ist form of verb in the present tense. Never use 'can' or any other modal verb.

• It is used to indicate a hope or wish:-
(1) May God grant you speedy recovery!
(2) May God bless you!
(3) May you scale great heights in life!
(4) May God grant you all the riches of the world!
(5) May you top the list of successful candidates!

Note that the sentences expressing wish or prayer also start with 'may'. But each of these sentences ends with a mark of exclamation (!).

Might
• It is used to indicate a purpose in the past tense:-
(1) He worked hard so that he might pass the examination.
(2) He ran fast so that he might catch the bus.
(3) He spoke aloud so that he might be heard by the audience.
(4) He earned so that he might spend.
(5) He flattered his boss so that he might be promoted.

Note that conjunction 'so that'
is always followed by might + Ist form of verb in the past tense. Never used 'could' or any other model verb.

• It is used to indicate a lesser possibility:-
(1) It might sleet in the evening.
(2) It might snow tonight.
(3) It might rain today.
(4) It might hail in the afternoon.
(5) It might blow heavily tomorrow.

• It is used as the past tense of 'may':-
(1) The teacher told the students that he might not come next day.
(2) He said that he might come next day.
(3) He told me that he might meet me on Tuesday.
(4) He threatened me that he might reveal the secret to the police.
(5) He informed me that he might give me some money next day.

• It is used to ask permission politely:-
(1) Might I use your mobile phone?
(2) Might I use you pen?
(3) Might I sit down?
(4) Might I know who you are?
(5) Might I go home now?