Cases indicate the grammatical functions of nouns and pronouns according to their relation with rest of the words in a sentence.

In modern English, there are only three kinds of cases.

• Subjective Case
• Objective Case
• Possessive Case

Subjective Case (Nominative Case)

When a noun or a pronoun works as a subject in the sentence, a subjective case appears.

Example:

• Louis works in the management.
• He works very hard for the company.
• I love to watch movies in my free time.
• Reading is a very good habit.

Objective Case

When a noun or a pronoun works as an object in the sentence, an objective case appears.

Example:

• Robert does not eat burgers.
• He loves pizza.
• Robert told me that.
• Alex follows Robert.

Possessive Case

Possessive cases indicate a relationship of possession or belongingness between two nouns or a noun and a pronoun.

Example:

• Robin’s house is near the river. (Two nouns related in the basis of possession.)
• His brother lives in the city. (A pronoun and a noun)
• My family does not approve this.
• Shaun’s wife has passed away.

Note: The pronoun changes its form in different cases.

Subjective	Objective	Possessive
I We You He She They It Who	Me Us You Him Her Them It Whom	My, mine Our, ours Your, yours His Her, hers Their, theirs Its Whose

There is another kind of case. It is called the vocative case. This case is similar to the subjective case in term of spelling. The vocative case indicates a person being addressed directly by his/her name. This name is separated by a comma.

Example:

• Robert, could you please open the door?
• You, watch out the bus.
• Listen to me, Russel.
• How are you, Susan?

Mood

The mood in English grammar does not refer to the emotion of the action or anything like that. Instead, the mood of the verbs refers to whether or not something is a fact. The intention of the speaker/writer is understood by the mood of the verbs.

In English, there are mainly three kinds of mood:

• Indicative mood
• Imperative mood
• Subjunctive mood

Each of the types has a particular function.

Indicative Mood

Indicative mood tells the reader/listener something factual. This mood is generally used in making a statement or asking for a statement by a question. The statement can be factual or presumed to be factual.

Example:

• Michel was the greatest musician.
• Where are you going?
• I am going to Texas.

Imperative Mood

Imperative mood makes a verb into a command or request. It always uses the second person as the subject of the sentence and most of the time the subject remains hidden.

Example:

• Bring the bottle over here.
• Make me a cup of tea, please.
• Let her take her own decisions. (Here, ‘let’ is the verb of this sentence, not ‘take’.)

Subjunctive Mood

Subjunctive mood indicates the possibility, wishes, or hypothetical statements. It is almost the opposite of the indicative mood. This mood usually mixes the tense of the verbs and does not follow the common usage of the tense.

Subjunctive has some different structures from the other structures of sentences.

Conditionals generally use the subjunctive mood.

Example:

• If you change this dress, I will take you with me.
• If I were in your shoes, I would not do it.
• If they were in America, they could not escape from it.
• If they had taken the vaccine, they would not have been affected.

Some certain verbs + the conjunction that requires the next clause to use the subjunctive mood and the clause uses the base form of the verb in it.

The verbs are:  

Advise – demand – prefer – require – ask – insist Propose – stipulate – command – recommend  Suggest – decree – order – request – urge – move

Structure:

Subject + the verbs of the above box (any tense) + THAT + subject + base verb + .  .  .  .  .

Example:

• He insisted that I stay at home.
• The office requires that we complete our work timely.
• She commanded that he stop drinking alcohol.
• I recommend that you wake up early.

Note: There are some clauses also which require the verb of the next clause to be in base form.

The clauses are:

It is/was + past participle form of the verb of the above box + THAT It is/was urgent + THAT It is/was necessary + THAT It is/was important + THAT

Example:

• It is important that you invite him to the party.
• It was necessary that I make a fence.
• It was recommended that you meet the principal.

 

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