Types of Poems

●Define poetry?

 Poetry is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language --- such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre -- to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.  

●What is an aubade?

 Aubade is a love poem welcoming or lamenting the arrival of the dawn. One of the finest aubades in literature occurs in Act II, Scene III, of Shakespeare's play Cymbeline. It begins with the famous words, "Hark, hark! The lark at heaven's gate sings". Donne's "The Sun Rising" is also an aubade. 

●What is a ballad?

 A narrative poem, often of folk origin and intended to be sung, consisting of simple stanzas and usually having a refrain. The Anonymous medieval ballad, "Barbara Allan", exemplifies the genre. 

●What is a folk ballad?

Folk ballad is a song that it traditionally sung by the common people or a region and forms part of their culture. Folk ballads are anonymous and recount tragic, comic, or heroic stories with emphasis on a central dramatic event. Examples include "Barbara Allan" and "John Henry". 

● Define a carol?

 A carol is a hymn or poem often sung by a group, with an individual taking the changing stanzas and the group taking the burden or refrain. Examples include "The Burning Babe" and "The Twelve Days of Christmas" 

●What is a dramatic monologue?

A dramatic monologue is a poem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent listener. It is a 'mono-drama in verse'. Examples include Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess" and T.S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock".

●Define elegy?

 An elegy is a mournful, melancholic or plaintive poem, especially a funeral song of a lament for the dead. It usually ends in consolation. Examples include John Milton's "Lycidas" and W.H. Auden's "In Memory of W.B. Yeats". 

● Define an epic?

 An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation narrated in elevated style. For example, Homer's "Iliad" is an epic. 

● What is a mock epic?

 A mock epic is a satire or parody that mocks common classical stereotypes or heroes and heroic literature. Typically, a mock epic either puts a fool in the role of the hero or exaggerates the heroic qualities to such a point that they become absurd. Examples include John Dryden's "Mac Flecknoe" and Alexander Pope's "The Rape of the Lock". 

●What is an epigram?

An epigram is a short, satirical and witty poem (statement) usually written as a couplet or quatrain but can also be a one lined phrase. It is a brief and forceful remark with a funny ending. Examples include Walter Savage Landor's "Dirce" and Ben Jonson's "On Gut". 

●What is an epithalamion?

 An epithalamion is a lyric ode in honour of a bride and bridegroom usually containing suggestive language and innuendo. Examples include Theocritus' "The 18th Idyll" and Edmund Spenser's "Epithalamion". 

●What is a hymn? 

 A hymn is a religious poem praising God or the divine, often sung. In English, the most popular hymns were written between the 17th and 19th centuries. Examples include Isaac Walts' "Our God, Our Help" and Charles Welsey's "My God! I Know, I Feel Thee Mine". 

●What is a lyric? 

 A lyric is a short poem which expresses personal emotions or feelings, often in a song-like style or form. It is typically written in the first person. Examples include John Clare's "I Hid My Love" and Louise Bogan's "Song for the Last Act". 

●Define an ode.?

An ode is a long, often elaborate stanzaic poem of varying line lengths and sometimes intricate rhyme schemes devoted to the praise of a person, animal, place, thing or idea. Examples include P.B. Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" and John Keats' "Ode on a Grecian Urn". 

●What is a sonnet?

 A sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes. In English, a sonnet has 3 quatrains followed by a couplet and ten syllables per line. (iambic pentameter). It usually expresses a single, complete thought, idea or sentiment. Examples include P.B. Shelley's "Ozymandias" and John Keats' "When I Have Fears".

By me a Pizza

Some Important literary terms in one line

Narrative
consisting of or characterized by the telling of a story
Character
an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction
Alliteration
use of the same consonant at the beginning of each word
Repetition
the continued use of the same word or word pattern
Apostrophe
an address to an absent or imaginary person
Ballad
a narrative poem of popular origin
Stanza
a fixed number of lines of verse forming a unit of a poem
Dialogue
the lines spoken by characters in drama or fiction
Rhyme
correspondence in the final sounds of two or more lines
Rhythm
alternation of stressed and unstressed elements in speech
Theme
a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in literary work
Symmetry
balance among the parts of something
Climax
the decisive moment in a novel or play
Denouement
the resolution of the main complication of a literary work
Plot
the story that is told, as in a novel, play, movie, etc.
Diction
the manner in which something is expressed in words
Elegy
a mournful poem; a lament for the dead
epic
a long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds
Setting
the context and environment in which something is situated
Epithet
descriptive word or phrase
Figurative
not literal
Hyperbole
extravagant exaggeration
Exaggeration
the act of making something more noticeable than usual
Irony
incongruity between what might be expected and what occurs
Literal
limited to the explicit meaning of a word or text
Lyric
of or relating to poetry that expresses emotion
Metaphor
a figure of speech that suggests a non-literal similarity
Simile
a figure of speech expressing a resemblance between things
Oxymoron
conjoining contradictory terms
Paradox
a statement that contradicts itself
Pastoral
a literary work idealizing the rural life
Pathos
a quality that arouses emotions, especially pity or sorrow
Rhetoric
using language effectively to please or persuade
Satire
witty language used to convey insults or scorn
Soliloquy
a dramatic speech giving the illusion of unspoken reflection
Symbol
something visible that represents something invisible
Vignette
a brief literary description

Main Difference – Aristotle vs Shakespearean Tragedy

🌱Aristotelian tragedy and Shakespearean tragedy are two of the most important forms of tragedies when we study the evolution of tragedies. Although Shakespearean tragedies have been influenced by Aristotle’s concepts of tragedy, some differences can be noted between the two. The main difference between Aristotle and Shakespearean tragedy is the unity of plot; Aristotelian tragedy consists of a single central plot whereas Shakespearean tragedy consists of several interwoven subplots.

✨What is an Aristotle Tragady :

Aristotle’s Poetics is the earliest-surviving work of dramatic theory, and this work is a good source to examine Aristotle’s views on tragedy. According to Aristotle, a tragedy is characterized by seriousness. It represents or imitates the reality. Thus, it is an imitation of action and life, of happiness and misery.

🌷Aristotle describes six main elements of a tragedy:  plot, character, diction, thought, spectacle (scenic effect), and song composition. The plot was considered to be the most important out of these elements.

The plot must be a complete whole while containing a definite beginning, middle, and end. The plot also requires a single central theme where all elements are logically connected.

The plot of a tragedy usually revolves around a renowned and prosperous hero who faces a reversal fortune, particularly due to his own tragic flaw. The plot consists of two main elements: reversal, and recognition. Reversal occurs when a situation seems to be developing in one direction and then suddenly reverses in another direction. Oedipus’ investigation of the murder of Laius is an example of this element. Recognition is the point where the protagonist learns the truth of the situation or comes to a realization about himself or another character.

According to Aristotle, the aim of tragedy is to create catharsis – creating feelings of pity and fear in the spectators so as to  purge them of these emotions ensuring that they leave the theater feeling cleansed and uplifted. There is a sense of completeness in Aristotelian tragedies.

✨What is a Shakespearean Tragedy:

Shakespearean tragedies were also influenced by Greek tragedies. Some similarities can be noted between both Aristotle and Shakespearean tragedy.  Shakespearean tragedies also have a renowned or prosperous hero who experiences a reversal of fortune due to a tragic flaw. Macbeth, King Lear, Hamlet, Othello, Antony and Cleopatra are some of Shakespeare’s famous tragedies.  

🌷However, some differences can also be noted between Aristotle and Shakespearean tragedies. Shakespearean tragedies do not follow the unity of plot; Shakespeare interweaved many subplots into the play to make the plot more complicated and realistic. The protagonists in Shakespearean tragedies usually face a tragic death, not just a reversal of fortune. Moreover, these protagonists do not gain self- knowledge or recognize their flow like protagonists in Aristotelian tragedies.

The inclusion of comic scenes is another difference between Aristotle and Shakespearean tragedies. Aristotelian tragedies usually had a chorus which narrated the scenes that take place offstage and they also provided relief to the spectators. In Shakespearean tragedies, the chorus is replaced by comic scenes such as the porter’s scene in Macbeth.

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Shakespeare's most memorable quotes

*Hamlet*

Neither a borrower nor a lender be; for loan oft loses both itself and friend.”

Act 1, Scene 3

“The play ‘s the thing wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the king”

Act 2, Scene 2

“To be, or not to be; that is the question; Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer; The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles”

Act 3, Scene 1

“Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio, a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy. He hath bore me on his back a thousand times, and now how abhorr’d in my imagination it is! My gorge rises at it..”

Act 5, Scene 1

*A Midsummer Night's Dream*

“The course of true love never did run smooth.”

Act 1, Scene 1

“Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind, and therefore is winged Cupid painted blind”

Act 1, Scene 1

“My Oberon! What visions have I seen! Methought I was enamoured of an ass.”

Act 4, Scene 1

*Twelfth Night*

“If music be the food of love, play on.”

Act 1, Scene 1

“Be not afraid of greatness: some are born great, some achieve greatness and some have greatness thrust upon them.”

Act 2, Scene 5

“Love sought is good, but given unsought is better.”

Act 3 Scene 1

*As you like it*

“All the world’s a stage and all the men and women merely players. They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts.”

Act 2, Scene 7

“Who ever loved that loved not at first sight?“

Act 3, Scene 5

“The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.”

Act 5, Scene 1

*Merchant of Venice*

“Love is blind, and lovers cannot see, The pretty follies that themselves commit.”

Act 2, Scene 6

“All that glisters is not gold.”

Act 2, Scene 7

*Much Ado About Nothing*

“When you depart from me sorrow abides, and happiness takes his leave.”

Act 1, Scene 1

“Everyone can master a grief but he that has it”

Act 3, Scene 2

*Romeo and Juliet*

“But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.”

Act 2, Scene 1

“Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow, That I shall say good night till it be morrow.”

Act 2, Scene 1

“What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet”

Act 2, Scene 2

*Henry V*

"Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more, Or close the wall up with our English dead!"

Act 3, Scene 1

*Macbeth*

“By the pricking of my thumbs, Something wicked this way comes. Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn, and cauldron bubble.”

Act 4, Scene 1

“Out, out, brief candle! Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more: it is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.”

Act 5, Scene 5

*Sonnet 18*

"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date"

*Richard II*

"This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, This other Eden, demi-paradise, This fortress built by Nature for herself Against infection and the hand of war"

Act 2 , Scene 1

*Richard III*

“Now is the winter of our discontent, Made glorious summer by this sun of York”

Act 1, Scene 1

“A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!”

Act 5, Scene 4

*Love's Labour's Lost*

"They have been at a great feast of languages, and stolen the scraps."

Act 5, Scene 1

*The Tempest*

“Full fathom five thy father lies; Of his bones are coral made; Those are pearls that were his eyes: Nothing of him that doth fade ; But doth suffer a sea-change; Into something rich and strange.”

Act 1, Scene 2

“Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows.”

Act 2, Scene 2

*Measure for Measure*

“Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall”

Act 2, Scene 1

“The miserable have no other medicine but only hope”

Act 3, Scene 1

“What’s mine is yours, and what is yours is mine.”

Act 5, Scene 1.

*The Merry Wives of Windsor*

"Why, then the world's mine oyster, Which I with sword will open."

Act 2, Scene 2

*Othello*

"I will wear my heart upon my sleeve; For daws to peck at."

Act 1, Scene 1

*Julius Caesar*

“Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him”

Act 2, Scene 2

“When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept: Ambition should be made of sterner stuff”

Act 3, Scene 2

*Anthony and Cleopatra*

"My salad days, When I was green in judgment: cold in blood, To say as I said then! But, come, away; Get me ink and paper: He shall have every day a several greeting, Or I'll unpeople Egypt."

Act 1, Scene 5

*Henry IV, Part II*

"Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown"

Act 3, Scene 1

*King Lear*

"The worst is not, So long as we can say, 'This is the worst.'"

Act 4, Scene 1

Indirect speech for exclamatory and imperative sentences.

Indirect speech of imperative sentence.

A sentence which expresses command, request, advice or suggestion is called imperative sentence.

For example,

     •  Open the door.

     •  Please help me.

     •  Learn your lesson.

To change such sentences into indirect speech, the word “ordered” or “requested” or “advised” or “suggested” or “forbade” or “not to do” is added to reporting verb depending upon nature of imperative sentence in reported speech.

Examples.

           Direct speech: He said to me, “please help me”

           Indirect Speech: He requested me to help him.

           Direct speech: She said to him, “you should work hard for exam”

           Indirect Speech: He suggested him to work hard for exam.

           Direct speech: They said to him, “do not tell a lie”

           Indirect Speech: They said to him not to tell a lie.

           Direct speech: He said, “open the door”

           Indirect Speech: He ordered to open the door.

           Direct speech: The teacher said to student, “do not waste time”

           Indirect Speech: The teacher advised the students not to waste time.

           Direct speech: He said, “please give me glass of water”

           Indirect Speech: He requested to give him a glass of water.

           Direct speech: Doctor said to me, “Do not smoke”

           Indirect Speech: Doctor advised me not to smoke.

           Direct speech: The teacher said to him, “Get out”

           Indirect Speech: The teacher ordered him to get out.

 

Indirect speech of exclamatory sentences.

Sentence which expresses state of joy or sorrow or wonder is called exclamatory sentence.

For example.

             •  Hurrah! We won the match.

             •  Alas! I failed the test.

             •  Wow! What a nice shirt it is.

To change such sentences, the words “exclaimed with joy” or “exclaimed with sorrow” or “exclaimed with wonder” is added in the reporting verb depending upon the nature of exclamatory sentence in indirect speech.

Examples.

     Direct speech: He said, “Hurrah! I won a prize”

     Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with joy that he had won a prize.

     Direct speech: She said, “Alas! I failed in exam”

     Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with sorrow that she failed in the exam.

     Direct speech: John said, “Wow! What a nice shirt it is”

     Indirect Speech: John exclaimed with wonder that it was a nice shirt.

     Direct speech: She said, “Hurrah! I am selected for the job”

     Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with joy that she was selected for the job.

     Direct speech: He said, “Oh no! I missed the train”

     Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with sorrow that he had missed the train.

     Direct speech: They said, “Wow! What a pleasant weather it is”

     Indirect Speech:  They exclaimed with wonder that it was a pleasant weather.

LIST OF NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE

📎1. Rudyard Kipling - 1907

📎2. William Butler Yeats - 1923

📎3. George Bernard Shaw - 1925

📎4. Sinclair Lewis - 1930

📎5. John Galsworthy - 1932

📎6. Eugene O'Neill - 1936

📎7. Pearl S. Buck - 1938

📎8. T.S. Eliot - 1948

📎9. William Faulkner - 1949

📎10. Bertrand Russell - 1950

📎11. Sir Winston Churchill  - 1953

📎12. Ernest Hemingway - 1954

📎13. John Steinbeck - 1962

📎14. Samuel Beckett - 1969

📎15. Patrick White - 1973

📎16. Saul Bellow -  1976

📎17. William Golding - 1983

📎18. Akinwande Oluwole Soyinka -1986

📎19.  Joseph Brodsky - 1987

📎20. Nadine Gordimer - 1991

📎21. Derek Walcott - 1992

📎22 Toni Morrison - 1993

📎23. Seamus Heaney - 1995

📎24. Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul - 2001

📎25. John Maxwell Coetzee - 2003

📎26. Harold Pinter - 2005

📎27. Doris Lessing - 2007

📎28. Alice Munro - 2013