Full Form Of Some technical Words

Full Form Of Some technical Words

VIRUS - Vital Information Resource UnderSeized.
3G -3rd Generation.
GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication.
CDMA - Code Divison Multiple Access.
UMTS - Universal MobileTelecommunication System.
SIM - Subscriber Identity Module .
AVI = Audio Video Interleave
RTS = Real Time Streaming
SIS = Symbian OS Installer File
AMR = Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec
JAD = Java Application Descriptor
JAR = Java Archive
JAD = Java Application Descriptor
3GPP = 3rd Generation Partnership Project
3GP = 3rd Generation Project
MP3 = MPEG player lll
MP4 = MPEG-4 video file
AAC = Advanced Audio Coding
GIF= Graphic InterchangeableFormat
JPEG = Joint Photographic Expert Group
JPEG = Joint Photographic Expert Group
BMP = Bitmap
SWF = Shock Wave Flash
WMV = Windows Media Video
WMA = Windows Media Audio
WAV = Waveform Audio
PNG = Portable Network Graphics
DOC =Document (MicrosoftCorporation)
PDF = Portable Document Format
M3G = Mobile 3D Graphics
M4A = MPEG-4 Audio File
NTH = Nokia Theme (series 40)
THM = Themes (Sony Ericsson)
MMF = Synthetic Music Mobile Application File
NRT = Nokia Ringtone
XMF = Extensible Music File
WBMP = Wireless Bitmap Image DVX = DivX Video
HTML = Hyper Text Markup Language
WML = Wireless Markup Language

Verb

Verbs

Most verbs are action words. They tell you what people, animals or things are doing.

Verbs name an action or describe a state of being. Every sentence must have a verb. There

are three basic types of verbs: action verbs, linking verbs, and helping verbs.
     

act	jump
bake	move
bend	pull
buy	run
close	shout
cook	sing
cross	sit
fall	slide
fly	stand
go	start
grow	swim
hop	walk

Action Verbs

Action verbs tell what the subject does. The action can be visible (jump, kiss, laugh) or mental

(think, learn, study).

• The cat broke Louise’s china.
• Louise considered buying a new china cabinet.

An action verb can be transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs need a direct object.

• The boss dropped the ball.
• The workers picked it up.

Intransitive verbs do not need a direct object.

• Who called?
• The temperature fell over night.

Note:

To determine if a verb is transitive, ask yourself “Who?” or “What?” after the verb.

If you can find an answer in the sentence, the verb is transitive.

Linking Verbs

Linking verbs join the subject and the predicate. They do not show action. Instead, they help

the words at the end of the sentence name or describe the subject. The most common linking verbs include: be, feel, grow, seem, smell, remain, appear,

sound, stay, look, taste, turn, become. Look for forms of to be, such as am, are, is, was, were,

am being, can be, have been, and so on.

The manager was happy about the job change.

He is a good worker.

Many linking verbs can also be used as action verbs.

Linking: The kids looked sad.

Action: I looked for the dog in the pouring rain.

Note

To determine whether a verb is being used as a linking verb or an action verb, substitute am, are, or is for the verb. If it makes sense, the original verb is a linking verb.

Helping Verbs

Helping verbs are added to another verb to make the meaning clearer. Helping verbs

include any form of to be, do, does, did, have, has, had, shall, should, will, would, can, could,

may, might, must. Verb phrases are made up of one main verb and one or more helping

verbs.

They will run before dawn.

They still have not yet found a smooth track.

Pronouns

Pronouns

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a common noun or a proper noun. There are different kinds of pronouns.

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or another pronoun. Pronouns help you avoid
unnecessary repetition in your writing and speech. A pronoun gets its meaning from the noun
it stands for. The noun is called the antecedent.

• Although Seattle is damp, it is my favorite city.

There are different kinds of pronouns. Most of them have antecedents, but a few do not.

Note 
The word antecedent comes from a Latin word meaning “to go before.” However,
the noun does not have to appear before the pronoun in a sentence. It often does,
though, to keep sentences clear and avoid misreadings.

1. Personal pronouns The words I, you, he, she, it, we and they are called personal pronouns. They take the place of nouns and are used as the subject of the verb in a sentence. It refer to a specific person, place, object, or thing.

There are three groups of pronouns: first person,second person and third person.
The person speaking is called the first person.The first-person pronouns are I or me (in the singular) and we or us (in the plural). The person spoken to is called the second person. The second-person pronoun is you (in both singular and plural).The person (or animal, or thing) spoken about is called the third person. The third-person pronouns are he or him, she or her, and it (in the singular), and they or them (in the plural). The word I is always spelled with a capital letter. The pronoun he is used for men and boys, she for women and girls, and it for things and animals. Here is a table to help you.

	Singular		Plural
First person	I, me, mine, my		we, us, our, ours
Second person	you, your, yours		you, your, yours
Third person	he, him, his, she, her, hers, it		they, them, their, theirs, its

Examples:

• My name is David. I am the youngest in the family.
• This is my father. He is a teacher.
• This is my mother. She is a lawyer.
• I have a brother and two sisters.
• They are Peter, Sharon and Jenny.
• I have a dog. It is called Lucky.
• Lucky, you are a good dog.
• Good morning, children! You may sit down now.
• My family and I live in a big city. 
• We have an apartment.

The words me, you, him, her, it, us and them are also personal pronouns. They also take the place of nouns. These pronouns are used as the object of the verb in a sentence.

Examples:

I am standing on my head. Look at me.

My mother is kind. Everybody likes her.

Lisa, I told you to tidy your bed!

Sharon and Jenny! Dad is waiting for you!

Lucky and I are playing in the park. Dad is watching us.

You must not play with the knife. Give it to me.

Pick up your toys and put them away.

2. Possessive pronouns show ownership. The possessive pronouns are: your, yours, his, hers,
its, ours, their, theirs, whose.

Is this beautiful plant yours?
Yes, it’s ours.

Note
Don’t confuse personal pronouns with contractions. Personal pronouns never
have an apostrophe, while contractions always have an apostrophe. Use this
chart:

Pronoun	Contraction
yours	yours you’re (you are)
its	its it’s (it is)
their	their they’re (they are)
whose	whose who’s (who is)

3. Reflexive pronouns add information to a sentence by pointing back to a noun or pronoun
near the beginning of the sentence. Reflexive pronouns end in -self or -selves.

The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves are called

reflexive pronouns. They refer to the person or animal that is the subject of the verb.

Example:

• Tricia bought herself a new car.
• All her friends enjoyed themselves riding in the beautiful car.
• I made this cake myself.
• Be careful with the knife. You’ll cut yourself.
• Michael is looking at himself in the mirror.
• Susan has hurt herself.
• Our cat washes itself after each meal.
• We organized the party all by ourselves.
• Come in, children, and find yourselves a seat.
• Baby birds are too young to look after themselves

4. Intensive pronouns also end in -self or -selves but just add emphasis to the noun or pronoun.

• Tricia herself picked out the car.

5. Demonstrative pronouns direct attention to a specific person, place, or thing. There are
only four demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those.

• That is John’s house.
• That is a mountain.
• Those are horses.
• What are those?
• We can do better than that.
• No, that’s not mine.
• You mean you won? That’s amazing!
• Hello, who is that speaking, please?
• Hello, is that you, George?
• This is my house. This is a hill.
• These are donkeys. What is this?
• Did you drop this? 
• Hi, Jane! This is Michael!
• This is my favorite movie.
• That was a fierce rain storm.

6. Relative pronouns begin a subordinate clause. There are five relative pronouns: that,
which, who, whom, those.

• That is John’s house.
• That is a mountain.
• Those are horses.
• What are those?
• We can do better than that.
• No, that’s not mine.
• You mean you won? That’s amazing!
• Hello, who is that speaking, please?
• Hello, is that you, George?
• This is my house.
• This is a hill.
• These are donkeys.
• What is this?
• Did you drop this?
• Hi, Jane! This is Michael!
• Jasper claimed that he could run the washing machine.
• Louise was the repair person who fixed the machine after Jasper washed his sneakers.

7. Interrogative pronouns ask a question. They are: what, which, who, whom, whose.

The words who, whom, whose, what and which are called interrogative pronouns. 

Example:

• Who is he talking to?
• Who are those people?
• Whom are you playing with?
• Whom is he talking to?
• What is your dog’s name?
• What are you talking about?
• What is the time?
• Which of these bags is yours?
• Which do you prefer?
• Whose is this umbrella?
• Who would like to cook dinner?
• Which side does the fork go on?

Note:

Who can be used as the object of a verb as well as the subject. Whom is used only as the object. For example,

you can say:

• Who are you playing with?

or

• Whom are you playing with?

8. Indefinite pronouns refer to people, places, objects, or things without pointing to a specific
one. The most common indefinite pronouns are listed in the following chart.

Singular	Plural	Singular or Plural
another	both	all
anyone	few	any
each	many	more
everyone	others	most
everybody	several	none
everything	some
much
nobody
nothing
other
someone
anybody
anything
either
little
neither
one
no one
somebody
something Next>>Verbs

Metaphor

Metaphor
Definition: Metaphors are one of the most extensively used literary devices. A metaphor refers to a meaning or identity ascribed to one subject by way of another. In a metaphor, one subject is implied to be another so as to draw a comparison between their similarities and shared traits. The first subject, which/who is the focus of the sentences is usually compared to the second subject, which is used to convey/carry a degree of meaning that is used to characterize the first. The purpose of using a metaphor is to take an identity or concept that we understand clearly (second subject) and use it to better understand the lesser-knownelement (the first subject).

Example: “Henry was a lion on the battlefield”. This sentence suggests that Henry fought so valiantly and bravely that he embodied all the personality traits we attribute to the ferocious animal. This sentence implies immediately that Henry was courageous and fearless, much like the King of the Jungle.

Line, verse, and stanza

Line, verse, and stanza

Definition: The single written poetic line is called the Line when two lines are combined they make a Verse and when two or more verses are collected, they form a Stanza.

Irony

Irony

Definition: The use of irony in literature refers to playing around with words such that the meaning implied by a sentence/word is actually different from the literal meaning derived. Often, irony is used to suggest the stark contrast of the literal meaning being put forth. The deeper, real layer of significance is revealed not by the words themselves but the situation and the context in which they are placed.

Example: Writing a sentence such as, “Oh! What fine luck I have!”. The sentence on the surface conveys that the speaker is happy with their luck but actually what they mean is that they are extremely unhappy and dissatisfied with their (bad) luck.

Image and Imagery

Image and Imagery 

Definition: A figurative or descriptive language that appeals to the five senses or the use of words and sentences to create an object or scene in the mind of the reader or listener is called an image. Imagery is the whole painted atmosphere created by the use of images.

Irony

Irony
Definition: The use of irony in literature refers to playing around with words such that the meaning implied by a sentence/word is actually different from the literal meaning derived. Often, irony is used to suggest the stark contrast of the literal meaning being put forth. The deeper, real layer of significance is revealed not by the words themselves but the situation and the context in which they are placed.

Example: Writing a sentence such as, “Oh! What fine luck I have!”. The sentence on the surface conveys that the speaker is happy with their luck but actually what they mean is that they are extremely unhappy and dissatisfied with their (bad) luck. 

Inversion

Inversion

Definition: The term ‘inversion’ refers to the practice of changing the conventional placement of words. It is a literary practice typical of the older classical poetry genre. In present day literature it is usually used for the purpose of laying emphasis this literary device is more prevalent in poetry than prose because it helps to arrange the poem in a manner that catches the attention of the reader not only with its content but also with its physical appearance; a result of the peculiar structuring.

Example: In the much known and read Paradise Lost, Milton wrote: “Of Man's First Disobedience, and the Fruit Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal taste Brought Death into the World, and all our woe, With loss of Eden, till one greater Man Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat, Sing Heav'nly Muse.

Imagery

Imagery

Definition: In literature, one of the strongest devices is imagery wherein the author uses words and phrases to create “mental images” for the reader. Imagery helps the reader to visualize and therein more realistically experience the author’s writings. The usage of metaphors, allusions, descriptive words and similes amongst other literary forms in order to “tickle” and awaken the readers’ sensory perceptions is referred to as imagery. Imagery is not limited to only visual sensations, but also refers to igniting kinesthetic, olfactory, tactile, gustatory, thermal and auditory sensations as well.

Example: The gushing brook stole its way down the lush green mountains, dotted with tiny flowers in a riot of colors and trees coming alive with gaily chirping birds. 

Internal Rhyme

Internal Rhyme

Definition: In literature the internal rhyme is a practice of forming a rhyme in only one lone line of verse. An internal rhyme is also known as the middle rhyme because it is typically constructed in the middle of a line to rhyme with the bit at the end of the same metrical line.

Example: The line from the famed poem Ancient Mariner, “We were the first that ever burst”. 

Hyperbole

Hyperbole

Definition: A hyperbole is a literary device wherein the author uses specific words and phrases that exaggerate and overemphasize the basic crux of the statement in order to produce a grander, more noticeable effect. The purpose of hyperbole is to create a larger-than-life effect and overly stress a specific point. Such sentences usually convey an action or sentiment that is generally not practically/ realistically possible or plausible but helps emphasize an emotion.

Example: “I am so tired I cannot walk another inch” or “I’m so sleepy I might fall asleep standing here”

Prepositions

Prepositions

A preposition is a word that connects one thing with another, showing how they are related. Some prepositions tell you about position or place.

A preposition is usually followed by a noun or pronoun.

Prepositions link a noun or a pronoun following it to another word in the sentence. Use this
chart to help you recognize some of the most common prepositions:

about	above	across	after	against	along
amid	around	as	at	before	behind
below	beneath	beside	between	beyond	but
by	despite	down	during	except	for
from	in	inside	into	like	near
on	onto	of	off	opposite	out
outside	over	past	since	through	to
toward	under	underneath	until	upon	with

A noun or pronoun always follows a preposition. A prepositional phrase is a preposition and
its object. A prepositional phrase can be two or three words long.

on the wing 
in the door

However, prepositional phrases also can be much longer, depending on the length of the
preposition and the number of words that describe the object of the preposition.

Near the violently swaying oak trees.
On account of his nearly depleted bank account.

There’s a big balloon in the sky.
Jane is jumping into the pool.
The books fell off the shelf.
Dad always keeps his wallet in the drawer.
There is a long mirror on the wall.
The school is near the park.
There is an old castle on the hill.
The horse jumped over the hurdle.

Some prepositions are used to talk about time.
Many shops close on Sundays.
Dad gets home about six in the evening.
The trees lose their leaves during winter.
We always wash our hands before meals.
We watched the World Cup game until 2:00 A.M.
We get up in the morning.
We go to bed at night.
It’s always hot in summer.
The movie starts at two in the afternoon.
Autumn begins in September.
They were married in 1990.
Joe arrived after me.

Next>>Pronouns

Hyperbaton

Hyperbaton

Definition: A hyperbaton is a literary device wherein the author plays with the regular positioning of words and phrases and creates a differently structured sentence to convey the same meaning. It is said that by using a hyperbaton, words/ phrases overstep their conventional placements and result in a more complex and intriguing sentence structure. This literary device is used to add more depth and interest to the sentence structure.

Example: “Alone he walked on the cold, lonely roads”. This sentence is a variation of the more conventional, “He walked alone on the cold, lonely roads”.

Haiku

Haiku

Definition: (sometimes spelled hokku) is a Japanese poetic form that represents, in seventeen syllables, ordered into three lines of five, seven, and five syllables, the poet's emotional or spiritual response to a natural object, scene, or season of the year. The strict form, which relies on the short, uniform, and unstressed syllabic structure of the Japanese language, is very difficult in English; most poets who attempt the haiku loosen the rule for the number and pattern of the syllables. The haiku greatly influenced Ezra Pound and other Imagists, who set out to reproduce both the brevity and the distinctiveness of the image in the Japanese original. Ezra Pound's "In a Station of the Metro" is a well-known instance of the haiku in the loosened English form; see this poem under imagism.

Abate.

Abate.
SYN. Terminate, remove, sup- press, lower, reduce, mitigate, dimiuish,moderate,lessen, subside,decrease.

ANT. Prolong, continue, revive, develop, increase, aggravate, magnify, brew, ferment, rage, extend, enlarge, amplify, raise, enhance

Genres

Genres
Definition: A term, French in origin, that denotes types or classes of literature. The genres into which literary works have been grouped at different times are very numerous, and the criteria on which the classifications have been based are highly variable. Since the writings of Plato and Aristotle, however, there has been an enduring division of the overall literary domain into three large classes, in accordance with who speaks in the work: lyric (uttered throughout in the first person), epic or narrative (in which the narrator speaks in the first person, then lets his characters speak for themselves); and drama (in which the characters do all the talking). A similar tripartite scheme was elaborated by German critics in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, was echoed by James Joyce in his Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), chapter 5, and functions still in critical discourse and in the general distinction, in college catalogues, between courses in poetry, prose fiction, and drama. Within this overarching division, Aristotle and other classical critics identified a number of more limited genres. Many of the ancient names, including epic, tragedy, comedy, and satire, have remained current to the present day; to them have been added, over the last three centuries, such newcomers as biography, essay, and novel. A glance at the articles listed in the Index of Terms under genre will indicate the crisscrossing diversity of the classes and subclasses to which individual works of literature have been assigned.

Free Verse

Free Verse

Definition: Free Verse is sometimes referred to as "open form" verse, or by the French term vers libre. Like traditional verse, it is printed in short lines instead of with the continuity of prose, but it differs from such verse by the fact that its rhythmic pattern is not organized into a regular metrical form—that is, into feet, or recurrent units of weak- and strong-stressed syllables. (See meter.) Most free verse also has irregular line lengths, and either lacks rhyme or else uses it only sporadically. (Blank verse differs from unrhymed free verse in that it is metrically regular.)

Noun

Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns. Common nouns are words for people, animals, places, or things.These are words for people. They are common nouns.

Or A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing. Nouns come in these varieties: common nouns, proper nouns, compound nouns, and collective nouns.e.g

1. Common nouns name any one of a class of person, place, or thing girl, city, food e.g

artist

clown acrobat

Another word for astronaut is

spaceman or spacewoman.

actor lawyer

aunt judge

baby man

baker nurse

cook police officer

dentist singer

doctor soldier

giant teacher

2. Proper nouns name a specific person, place, or thing. Proper nouns are always capitalized.

For Exmple

Barbara

New York City

Rice-a-Roni

Omar

Lisa

Santa Claus

Proper Nouns

Word File

Here are some more names

of people:

Ali Baba

Florence Nightingale

Derek Jeter

Pauline

Johnny Depp

Patrick

Harry Potter

Pinocchio

Robin Hood

3. Compound nouns are two or more nouns that function as a single unit. A compound noun can be two individual words, words joined by a hyphen, or two words combined.

Individual words: time capsule 

Example

Hyphenated words: great-uncle

Combined words: basketball

4. Collective nouns name groups of people or things.e.g audience, family, herd, crowd

More examples of Collective nouns

a bunch of keys

a class of pupils

a collection of books

a deck of cards

a fleet of ships

a flock of sheep

a gaggle of geese

a gang of robbers

a herd of cattle

a litter of cubs

a pod of whales

a pack of wolves

a pride of lions

a set of stamps

a swarm of bees

a troupe of actors

5. Possessive Nouns

In grammar, possession shows ownership. Follow these rules to create possessive nouns.

1. With singular nouns, add an apostrophe and an s.

dog → dog’s bone 

singer → singer’s voice

2. With plural nouns ending in s, add an apostrophe after the s.

dogs → dogs’ bones

singers → singers’ voices

3. With plural nouns not ending in s, add an apostrophe and an s.

men → men’s books

mice → mice’s tails

6. Plural Nouns

Here are the guidelines for creating plural nouns.

1. Add s to form the plural of most nouns.

cat → cats 

computer → computers

2. Add es if the noun ends in s, sh, ch, or x.

wish → wishes 

box → boxes

3. If a noun ends in consonant -y, change the y to i and add es.

city → cities 

lady → ladies

4. If a noun ends in vowel -y, add s. Words ending in -quy don’t follow this rule (as in soliloquies).

essay → essays 

monkey → monkeys

Next>>Prepositions

Interjection

Definition

An interjection is a word that expresses a sudden, strong feeling such as surprise, pain, or pleasure. Interjections show strong emotion. Since interjections are not linked grammatically to other words in the sentence, they are set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma or an exclamation mark. 

For example:

Oh! What a shock you gave me with that gorilla suit.

Wow! That’s not a gorilla suit!

Oh dear!

Ouch!

Look out!

Happy

Cheers! Birthday!

Ssh!

Wow!

Goodness!

Oh!

Good!

Oh no!

Hooray!

Thanks!

Help!

Good luck!

Well done!

Gosh!

Hey!

Merry Christmas!

Happy New Year!

Notice that an exclamation point (!) is often used after interjections.

Next>>Nouns 

Colonialism and Colonization

Colonialism

The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

"the state apparatus that was dominant under colonialism"

Colonization

The action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.

"Africa boasts a tradition of higher education institutions that predate Western colonization

A breath of fresh

A breath of fresh air
A new, fresh and imaginative approach, a change that feels good.

The prime minister says that the country needs a breath of fresh air.

Folklore

Folklore
Definition: since the mid-nineteenth century, has been the collective name applied to sayings, verbal compositions, and social rituals that have been handed down solely, or at least primarily, by word of mouth and example rather than in written form. Folklore developed, and continues even now, in communities where few if any people can read or write. It also continues to flourish among literate populations, in the form of oral jokes, stories, and varieties of wordplay;

for example, the collection of "urban folklore" by Alan Dundes and Carl R. Pagter, When You're up to Your Ass in Alligators: More Urban Folklore from the Paperwork Empire (1987). Folklore includes legends, superstitions, songs, tales, proverbs, riddles, spells, and nursery rhymes; pseudo- scientific lore about the weather, plants, and animals; customary activities at births, marriages, and deaths; and traditional dances and forms of drama which are performed on holidays or at communal gatherings. Elements of folklore have at all times entered into sophisticated written literature.

For example, the choice among the three caskets in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice (II. ix.) and the superstition about a maiden's dream which is central to Keats' Eve of St Agnes (1820) are both derived from folklore. Refer to A. H. Krappe, Science of Folklore (1930, reprinted 1974); Richard M. Dorson, ed. Folklore and Folklife: An Introduction (1972).

Foil

Foil Definition: The term ‘foil’ refers to a literary device where the author creates a character whose primary purpose is to create a contrast to another character by laying emphasis or drawing attention to the latter’s traits and characteristics through the former’s obviously contradictory ones.

Example: In the popular book series, Harry Potter, the character of Hogwarts principal Albus Dumbledore, who portrays ‘good’, is constantly shown to believe in the power of true love (of all forms and types) and is portrayed as a strong, benevolent and positive character while the antagonist Lord Voldemort, who depicts the evil and ‘bad’ in the series is constantly shown to mock and disbelieve the sentiment of love and think of it as a foolish indulgence, a trait that is finally his undoing. Developed by AR

10 ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS

10 ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS

Things to say when you're angry ❇There are many reasons for getting angry in Britain these days like car alarms, train strikes and Sunday opening hours. Here are some things that people often say when they've had 10 expressions to Use In Speaking And Writing:

1. I don't believe it!
2. What a pain!
3. It's driving me up the wall.
4. I've had it up to here with...
5. I've had all I can take of...
6. It really gets on my nerves.
7. I'm sick and tired of...
8. I'm fed up with it.
9. I could really do without it.
10. Is it possible?

How To Use These Phrases In Your English: . We say phrases 1 and 2 immdeiately after something has made you angry. . We say phrases 3, 4 and 5 about a situation or a series of repeated actions that make us angry. . We say phrase 6 about something that slowly makes you angry over a long time . We say phrases 7 and 8 about something annoying that has continued for a long time. . We often say phrase 9 when we have several pieces of bad luck and then one more bad thing happens. . We say phrase 10 to show our disbelief that something so bad has happened or that one more bad thing has happened after several others.

Kinds of NOVEL

Kinds of NOVEL

Epistolary
Novel In this type of novel the story is narrated through letters sent by the observer or by those who participating in the events.
Example 18th century’s novel ‘Richardson’s Pamela and Clarissa etc.

Gothic Novel
In this type of novels the cruel passions and supernatural terror is presented.
Example: Monastery or Haunted Castle etc.

Historical Novel
This type of novel set in particular historical period and describes the manner and event of that period. characters may be imaginary or real persons.
Example: Novels on world war one etc.

Psychological Novel
In this type of novel the character’s inner feeling, ideas, spiritual and mental development is concentrated rather than external actions
Example: To the light house by Virginia Woolf etc.

Picaresque Novel
This type of novel consist of series of adventures happen to the hero. It is usually episodic and with a simple plot.

Sentimental Novel
This type of novel is designed to describe and evoke tender feelings and sensitivity. The other name of this type novel is Mawkish.

Flashback

Flashback

Definition: Flashback is a literary device wherein the writer/ author depicts the occurrence of specific events to the reader, which have taken place before the present time the narration is following, or events that have happened before the events that are currently being unfolded in the story. Flashback devices that are commonly used are past narratives by characters, depictions and references of dreams and memories and a sub-device known as authorial sovereignty wherein the author directly chooses to refer to a past occurrence by bringing it up in a straightforward manner. Flashback is used to create a background to the present situation, place or person.

Example: Back in the day when Sarah was a young girl… You can see flashbacks used very often in movies. For example, is is common in movies for there to be a flashback that gives the viewer a look into the characters life when they were younger, or when they have done something previously. This is done to help the viewer better understand the present situation.

Evocation

Evocation

Definition: Getting inspiration or guidance or courage from the goddess of Muse before doing any hard task especially in the beginning of an epic.

abash

Abash.
SYN. Confound, confuse, dis- compose, bewilder, daunt, cow, humble, disconcert, dishearten, moitlty, shame, humiliate.
ANT. Countenance, cheer, uphold, encourage, rally, inspirit, animate, incite, embolden, abet, buoy.

VOCABULARY NOUNS TO DESCRIBE DIMENSIONS

VOCABULARY NOUNS TO DESCRIBE DIMENSIONS:
• ANGLE (ANGLES) An angle is the difference in direction between two lines or surfaces. Angles are measured in degrees. ■ The boat is now teaning at a 30 degree angle.

• CIRCUMFERENCE (UNCOUNTABLE NOUN) The circumference of a circle, place, or round object is the distance around its edge. ■ a scientist calculating the Earth's circumference. ■ The island is 3.5 km in circumference.

• DIAMETER (DIAMETERS) The diameter of a round object is the length of a straight line that can be drawn across it, passing through the middle of it. ■ [+ of] a tube less than a fifth of the diameter of a human hair ■ a length of 22-mm diameter steel pipe

• HEIGHT (HEIGHTS) The height of a person or thing is their size or length from the bottom to the top. ■ I am 5’6" in height. ■ [+ of] The tree can grow to a height of 20ft. ■ He was a man of medium height.

• LENGTH (LENGTHS) The length of something is the amount that it measures from one end to the other along the longest side. ■ It is about a metre in length. ■ [+ of] the length of the field ■ [+ of] The plane had a wing span of 34ft and a length of 22ft.

• RADIUS (RADII) The radius around a particular point is the distance from it in any direction ■ [+ around] Nigel has searched for work in a ten-mile radius around his home. ■ [+ of] within a fifty-mile radius of the town ■ Fragments of twisted metal were scattered across a wide radius.

• VOLUME (VOLUMES) The volume of something is the amount of it that there is. ■ [+ of] Senior officials will be discussing how the volume of sales might be reduced. ■ [+ of] the sheer volume of traffic and accidents

• WIDTH (WIDTHS) The width of something is the distance it measures from one side or edge to the other. ■ [+ of] Measure the full width of the window. ■ The road was reduced to 18ft in width by adding parking bays. ■ Saddles are made in a wide range of different widths. ACTIONS: • ADJUST (ADJUSTS, ADJUSTING, ADJUSTED) (VERB) When you adjust to a new situation, you get used to it by changing your behaviour or your ideas. ■ [+ to] We are preparing our fighters to adjust themselves to civil society.

• CONVEY (CONVEYS, CONVEYING, CONVEYED) (VERB) To convey information or feelings means to cause them to be known or understood by someone. ■ Semiological analysis sees a sign as any cultural symbol which conveys a meaning. ■ In every one of her pictures she conveys a sense of immediacy. ■ He also conveyed his views and the views of the bureaucracy.

• LAUNCH (LAUNCHES, LAUNCHING, LAUNCHED) (VERB) If a company launches a new product, it makes it available to the public. ■ Crabtree & Evelyn has just launched a new jam, Worcesterberry Preserve. ■ Marks & Spencer recently hired model Linda Evangelista to launch its new range.

• REINFORCE (REINFORCES, REINFORCING, REINFORCED) (VERB) If something reinforces a feeling, situation, or process, it makes it stronger or more intense. ■ A stronger European Parliament would, they fear, only reinforce the power of the larger countries. ■ This sense of privilege tends to be reinforced by the outside world.

• SECURE (SECURES, SECURING, SECURED) (VERB) If you secure something that you want or need, you obtain it, often after a lot of effort. [ FORMAL] ■ Federal leaders continued their efforts to secure a ceasefire. ■ Graham’s achievements helped secure him the job.

• SUSPEND (SUSPENDS, SUSPENDING, SUSPENDED) (VERB) If you suspend something, you delay it or stop it from happening for a while or until a decision is made about it. ■ The union suspended strike action this week. ■ [+ until] A U.N. official said aid programs will be suspended until there's adequate protection for relief convoys.

Epic

Epic
Definition: Epic is a long narrative poem, on a great and serious subject related in an elevated style and centered on a heroic or quasidivine figure on whose actions defend on the fate of tribe or nation or the human race.

Epilogue

Epilogue
Definition: Epilogues are an inherent part of any story or poem and are essential to the structure of any written form. The epilogue is an important literary tool that acts as the afterword once the last chapter is over. The purpose of an epilogue is to add a little insight to some interesting developments that happen once the major plot is over. Epilogues often act as a teaser trailer to any possible sequels that might be created later. Sometimes the epilogue is used to add a little bit about the life/future of the main characters after the story itself has unfolded and wrapped up. Epilogues are an interesting faction because they can be written in a number of ways: sometimes the same narrative style as adopted in the story is continued while at other times one of the characters might take up the narrative or speak one-to-one with the audience. Example: In a remarkably contemporary moment at the end of The Tempest, Shakespeare's wizard Prospero addresses the audience directly, breaking down the boundaries of the play. He informs them that the play is over, his powers are gone, and thus his escape from the play's island setting depends on their applause--that they, in effect, get to decide his fate. This serves as a Epilogue for Shakespeare's tragi-comedy The Tempest.

Elegy

Elegy

Definition: In Greek and Roman literature, "elegy" denoted any poem written in elegiac meter (alternating hexameter and pentameter lines). The term was also used, however, to refer to the subject matter of change and loss frequently ex- pressed in the elegiac verse form, especially in complaints about love. In accordance with this latter usage, "The Wanderer," "The Seafarer," and other poems in Old English on the transience of all worldly things are even now called elegies. In Europe and England the word continued to have a variable application through the Renaissance. John Donne's elegies, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, are love poems, although they re- late to the sense of elegy as lament, in that many of them emphasize mutability and loss. In the seventeenth century the term elegy began to be limited to its most common present usage: a formal and sustained lament in verse for the death of a particular person, usually ending in a consolation. Examples are the medieval poem The Pearl and Chaucer's Book of the Duchess (elegies in the mode of dream allegory); Alfred, Lord Tennyson's In Memoriam (1850), on the death of Arthur Hallam; and W. H. Auden's "In Memory of W. B. Yeats" (1940). Occasionally the term is used in its older and broader sense, for somber meditations on mortality such as Thomas Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" (1757), and the Duino Elegies (1912-22) of the German poet Rainer Maria Rilke on the transience both of poets and of the earthly objects they write poems about.